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Case Study
The Qualios transaction: Engineering a partnered buy-in

The Qualios case tracks the search, negotiations and ultimate acquisition of an industrial, family-owned SME in Southern Germany. Using a variety of materials, including sophisticated composites, the company produces customized, high-quality braided sleeves primarily for technical applications. The fourth-generation owners were led to sell due t…

Entrepreneurship Finance Business Transformation
By Benoit F. Leleux and Konstantin Dreyer
Case reference: IMD-2745, © 2026
The Qualios transaction: Engineering a partnered buy-in
By Benoit F. Leleux and Konstantin Dreyer
Case reference: IMD-2745 ©2026
Summary
The Qualios case tracks the search, negotiations and ultimate acquisition of an industrial, family-owned SME in Southern Germany. Using a variety of materials, including sophisticated composites, the company produces customized, high-quality braided sleeves primarily for technical applications. The fourth-generation owners were led to sell due to a lack of succession and health issues. A reputable niche business serving automotive, packaging, construction and industrial clients across Germany and internationally, Qualios generated €12 million in revenue and healthy EBITDA and employed around 50 staff. The company faced several issues, such as rising raw material and production costs, difficulty attracting skilled workers to the region and growing demands from customers for sustainability certifications. The potential buyer, Konrad, believed he had a joker up his sleeve with Georg, an experienced operating manager, family confidant and potential co-investor. Negotiations proved complex until the duo was able to bypass the broker and establish direct links to the seller. A deal was ultimately closed, involving not only a significant earnout element from the seller but also 90% leverage offered by local banks, with strenuous covenants. Nonetheless, fundamental questions remained after the deal: Had the buyer paid the right price and established the proper structure to ensure long-term success? Closing was only the first battle: Could Qualios grow fast enough to service the debt, repay the vendor loan and justify the price tag – all while honoring the company legacy that mattered so deeply to the seller?
Reference IMD-2745
Copyright ©2026
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization Qualios (Disguised)
Industry Manufacturing, Textile;Materials, Construction Materials
Available Languages English
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Case Study
LanzaTech: Scaling carbon to value

The case places students in the role of LanzaTech’s founder, Dr Sean Simpson, in April 2012. The company was built on the radical idea of using proprietary microbes to capture and convert carbon-rich waste gases from heavy industry (like steel mills) into fuel-grade ethanol. LanzaTech has just achieved a massive technological breakthrough: provi…

Entrepreneurship Sustainability Innovation
By Anieke Wierenga, Christine Ruf and Murat Tarakci
Case reference: IMD-2741, © 2026
LanzaTech: Scaling carbon to value
By Anieke Wierenga Christine Ruf and Murat Tarakci
Case reference: IMD-2741 ©2026
Summary
The case places students in the role of LanzaTech’s founder, Dr Sean Simpson, in April 2012. The company was built on the radical idea of using proprietary microbes to capture and convert carbon-rich waste gases from heavy industry (like steel mills) into fuel-grade ethanol. LanzaTech has just achieved a massive technological breakthrough: provi…
Reference IMD-2741
Copyright ©2026
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization LanzaTech
Industry Energy, Biofuels;Services, Environmental Services
Available Languages English
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Case Study
On Running: Greenwash alert

ZURICH (SWITZERLAND), 14 JUNE 2024. The sustainability team at On had been on high alert as TV journalists were once again investigating some of its sustainability claims. Founded in 2010 by former Swiss Ironman champion Olivier Bernhard, the company rapidly gained a reputation among professional athletes, in particular triathletes, for its prop…

Sustainability Crisis Management Entrepreneurship
By Benoit F. Leleux and Dina Zubkova
Case reference: IMD-7-2604, © 2026
On Running: Greenwash alert
By Benoit F. Leleux and Dina Zubkova
Case reference: IMD-7-2604 ©2026
Summary
ZURICH (SWITZERLAND), 14 JUNE 2024. The sustainability team at On had been on high alert as TV journalists were once again investigating some of its sustainability claims. Founded in 2010 by former Swiss Ironman champion Olivier Bernhard, the company rapidly gained a reputation among professional athletes, in particular triathletes, for its prop…
Reference IMD-7-2604
Copyright ©2026
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization On
Industry Consumer Goods, Sports Footwear
Available Languages English
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Case Study
Oculis: Transforming ophthalmology a drop at a time

For the team at Oculis, the announcement of the new USD 100 million fundraising could not have come at a more opportune moment. The biopharmaceutical startup was founded in 2017 to transform ophthalmology by developing not only original delivery mechanisms but also groundbreaking treatments for eye diseases like Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Est…

Start-up Venture Capital Entrepreneurship Strategy
By Benoit F. Leleux, Abdulaziz A. AlSayyari, Barbara Müller and Vladimir Novotny
Case reference: IMD-2692, © 2025
Oculis: Transforming ophthalmology a drop at a time
By Benoit F. Leleux Abdulaziz A. AlSayyari Barbara Müller and Vladimir Novotny
Case reference: IMD-2692 ©2025
Summary
For the team at Oculis, the announcement of the new USD 100 million fundraising could not have come at a more opportune moment. The biopharmaceutical startup was founded in 2017 to transform ophthalmology by developing not only original delivery mechanisms but also groundbreaking treatments for eye diseases like Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Established by seasoned industry experts, Oculis aimed to replace invasive eye treatments with more accessible, patient-friendly solutions such as topical eye drops. The initial research conducted in a laboratory in Iceland led to a pipeline of drug candidates, now at various stages of clinical testing. The firm continued to ramp up thanks to successive rounds of financing from top investors and partners, totaling more than USD 500 million at the end of 2024. However, it also faced some dramatic events, including the sudden death in early 2024 of its CTO. The company continued to scale, strategically balancing clinical advancements with regulatory milestones. The recent secondary offering on Nasdaq would accelerate the clinical development pipeline, in particular its novel neuroprotective candidate Prisosegtor (OCS-05), OCS-01, a topical eye drop for DME, and OCS-02, a topical biologic eye drop candidate for dry eye disease. Oculis now grappled with a number of strategic decisions, with two questions in particular concerning the team. Should it rely mostly on outsourcing production to a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) or develop its own in-house manufacturing capabilities? There were strong benefits and drawbacks to both approaches. It faced a related dilemma with its product pipeline. Should it continue to rely on its own R&D, as in the past, or should it consider acquiring technologies outside, through M&A activities?
Reference IMD-2692
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization Oculis
Industry Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals
Available Languages English
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Case Study
Evoco AG: Unlocking private equity potential

Michel Galeazzi and Felix Ackermann, founding partners of the private equity firm Evoco, sat with the rest of the team pondering the latest strategic issues. Evoco had evolved significantly as a fund manager since its creation in 2012, taking advantage of newly identified opportunities and developing novel competencies. Its first three funds ha…

Entrepreneurship Finance Venture Capital
By Benoit F. Leleux and Ricardo Rodriguez Plazas
Case reference: IMD-2689, © 2025
Evoco AG: Unlocking private equity potential
By Benoit F. Leleux and Ricardo Rodriguez Plazas
Case reference: IMD-2689 ©2025
Summary
Michel Galeazzi and Felix Ackermann, founding partners of the private equity firm Evoco, sat with the rest of the team pondering the latest strategic issues. Evoco had evolved significantly as a fund manager since its creation in 2012, taking advantage of newly identified opportunities and developing novel competencies. Its first three funds ha…
Reference IMD-2689
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization Evoco
Industry Finance and Insurance, Private Equity
Available Languages English
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Case Study
The new protein buzz: Can Legendary Foods Africa feed the world with insects?

The case describes Legendary Foods Africa, a food-tech company founded in 2020 in Ghana by Canadian entrepreneur Shobhita Soor. Legendary Foods Africa is focused on farming, processing and selling palm weevil larvae products for human consumption. Palm weevil larvae, a traditional local food, are rich in protein, healthy fats and essential nutri…

Entrepreneurship Sustainability Social Innovation
By Sophie Bacq, Valerie Keller-Birrer and Ruth Shalom Kinyua
Case reference: IMD-7-2632, © 2025
The new protein buzz: Can Legendary Foods Africa feed the world with insects?
By Sophie Bacq Valerie Keller-Birrer and Ruth Shalom Kinyua
Case reference: IMD-7-2632 ©2025
Summary
The case describes Legendary Foods Africa, a food-tech company founded in 2020 in Ghana by Canadian entrepreneur Shobhita Soor. Legendary Foods Africa is focused on farming, processing and selling palm weevil larvae products for human consumption. Palm weevil larvae, a traditional local food, are rich in protein, healthy fats and essential nutri…
Reference IMD-7-2632
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization Legendary Foods Africa
Industry Consumer Goods, Food and Beverage
Available Languages English
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Case Study
dss+: Carving out a sustainability consulting leader

The case examines the entrepreneur-led carve out and buyout of dss+, DuPont’s safety and sustainability consulting division, by Gyrus Capital and dss+ management team. dss+ (formerly “DuPont Sustainable Solutions”) played a pivotal role in high-risk industries such as oil, gas, and chemicals, providing critical consulting services at a time when…

Finance Entrepreneurship Sustainability
By Benoit F. Leleux, Giorgio Pignalosa, Larissa Margot Bieler, Mojisola Onabanjo Akinkunmi and Nicolas Campodonico
Case reference: IMD-7-2639, © 2025
dss+: Carving out a sustainability consulting leader
By Benoit F. Leleux Giorgio Pignalosa Larissa Margot Bieler Mojisola Onabanjo Akinkunmi and Nicolas Campodonico
Case reference: IMD-7-2639 ©2025
Summary
The case examines the entrepreneur-led carve out and buyout of dss+, DuPont’s safety and sustainability consulting division, by Gyrus Capital and dss+ management team. dss+ (formerly “DuPont Sustainable Solutions”) played a pivotal role in high-risk industries such as oil, gas, and chemicals, providing critical consulting services at a time when global regulatory pressure on operational safety and sustainability was intensifying. Gyrus Capital, a mid-market private equity specialist, came together with the management team to engineer the buyout, based on the firm’s strong and predictable revenue streams, long-term client relationships and specialized expertise in safety and sustainability consulting. What emerged out of the 2019 transaction was an independent sustainability consulting powerhouse with over 1,500 consultants around the world. By 2024, dss+ was still expanding rapidly in terms of staff and domains of expertise, not to mention geography, and had to respond to quickly evolving external and internal demands, with clients increasingly expected to be served globally on a full range of sustainability-related services. With a strong sense of purpose (saving lives and creating a sustainable future), a potent pitch line (Protect. Transform. Sustain), over 750 clients on 1,800 projects across 41 countries, a global team of 1,500 people and plenty of organic growth across 7 core industries, the company was clearly heading for the stars. Yet, new questions loomed: Was it time to start managing that wild growth, deepening competitive advantages and building functional moats? How would dss+ remain competitive? Was it time to put a few new initiatives on high octane fuel: Leadership? Digital transformation? Global growth? Some totally new ideas?
Reference IMD-7-2639
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization dss+, Gyrus Capital, Inflexion
Industry Services, Environmental Services;Healthcare, Health and Medical Services;Services, Public Safety;Business Management Services, Consultancy
Available Languages English
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Case Study
Sea2see: Seastainable vision

BARCELONA, JANUARY 2023. What started in 2016 as a humble entrepreneurial attempt to contribute to a more sustainable future had turned into a solid eyewear brand present in major Western markets. François van den Abeele was even more excited by the rapid development of the Sea2see Foundation, which he set up in Ghana. But success brought its ow…

Entrepreneurship Family Business General Management Global Business Marketing Sustainability
By Benoit F. Leleux and Thomas Brochier
Case reference: IMD-7-2564, © 2024
Sea2see: Seastainable vision
By Benoit F. Leleux and Thomas Brochier
Case reference: IMD-7-2564 ©2024
Summary
BARCELONA, JANUARY 2023. What started in 2016 as a humble entrepreneurial attempt to contribute to a more sustainable future had turned into a solid eyewear brand present in major Western markets. François van den Abeele was even more excited by the rapid development of the Sea2see Foundation, which he set up in Ghana. But success brought its own new questions and issues. From the start, he had relied on the superb craftmanship and dedication of an Italian frame manufacturer. Over time that relationship had turned into a mutual dependency: He was now one of its major clients but, reciprocally, had developed a key supplier risk. What if something happened to that relationship? Should he develop a broader set of suppliers and, if so, how could that be done without antagonizing a great working relationship? Recycling very much set the stage for the brand’s sustainability claims, but it also took massive amounts of time to manage. As other companies started to develop their own fishing net recycling supply chains, did it still make sense to invest so much time in the upstream phase or should he pour his energy into his beloved brand? Finally, maybe it was also time to revisit the growth/profitability dilemma and open up the capital to increase the speed of growth, all for the benefit of the environment as impact fed on scale.
Reference IMD-7-2564
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization Sea2see
Industry Consumer Goods, Optical Products
Available Languages English
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Case Study
CVTrust and the Smart Certificate

When the dotcom bubble burst in March 2000, this did not stop the world from going digital, but it did poke holes in the concept of trust, especially in the digital world. David Goldenberg, a Belgian entrepreneur with extensive experience in management consulting, was confronted daily with the hassles of recruiting when information about candida…

Entrepreneurship Digital Venture Capital
By Benoit F. Leleux, Baldvin Kovacs, Sayat Kurmanbayev and Luigi Mirri
Case reference: IMD-7-2611, © 2024
CVTrust and the Smart Certificate
By Benoit F. Leleux Baldvin Kovacs Sayat Kurmanbayev and Luigi Mirri
Case reference: IMD-7-2611 ©2024
Summary
When the dotcom bubble burst in March 2000, this did not stop the world from going digital, but it did poke holes in the concept of trust, especially in the digital world. David Goldenberg, a Belgian entrepreneur with extensive experience in management consulting, was confronted daily with the hassles of recruiting when information about candida…
Reference IMD-7-2611
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization CVTrust
Industry Information Technology, Information Technology Services
Available Languages English
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Case Study
IG4 Capital: Private equity with a purpose

SEPTEMBER 2023, SÃO PAULO (BRAZIL). Gustavo Buffara was painstakingly putting the finishing touches on the IG4 Private Equity Fund III presentation. Co-founded by Gustavo in 2016, IG4 Capital had grown to become a leading force in private equity in Latin America with a unique value proposition that focused on private equity special situations. W…

Finance Emerging Market Entrepreneurship Sustainability
By Benoit F. Leleux and Arthur de Bonis
Case reference: IMD-7-2545, © 2024
IG4 Capital: Private equity with a purpose
By Benoit F. Leleux and Arthur de Bonis
Case reference: IMD-7-2545 ©2024
Summary
SEPTEMBER 2023, SÃO PAULO (BRAZIL). Gustavo Buffara was painstakingly putting the finishing touches on the IG4 Private Equity Fund III presentation. Co-founded by Gustavo in 2016, IG4 Capital had grown to become a leading force in private equity in Latin America with a unique value proposition that focused on private equity special situations. W…
Reference IMD-7-2545
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization IG4 Capital Partners
Industry Finance and Insurance, Private Equity
Available Languages English
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Case Study
Entrepreneurship through acquisition: Vanessa Monestel’s search fund

GENEVA (SWITZERLAND), OCTOBER 2023. Vanessa Monestel was ecstatic. a day earlier, she had just signed the letter of intent (LOI) to acquire an Amsterdam-based fashion company. This was the culmination of her 18-month search for a company to acquire, conducted with the support of Novastone Capital Advisors’ (NCA) Entrepreneurship through Acquisit…

Entrepreneurship Finance Strategy
By Benoit F. Leleux, Joseph Kovacs, Kristel Rouiller, Sebastien Braun and Thierry Meouchi
Case reference: IMD-7-2514, © 2024
Entrepreneurship through acquisition: Vanessa Monestel’s search fund
By Benoit F. Leleux Joseph Kovacs Kristel Rouiller Sebastien Braun and Thierry Meouchi
Case reference: IMD-7-2514 ©2024
Summary
GENEVA (SWITZERLAND), OCTOBER 2023. Vanessa Monestel was ecstatic. a day earlier, she had just signed the letter of intent (LOI) to acquire an Amsterdam-based fashion company. This was the culmination of her 18-month search for a company to acquire, conducted with the support of Novastone Capital Advisors’ (NCA) Entrepreneurship through Acquisit…
Reference IMD-7-2514
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization Novastone Capital Advisors
Industry Finance and Insurance, Private Equity
Available Languages English
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Case Study
Entrepreneurship through acquisition: Sébastien Perroud and the IAR Group

GENEVA (SWITZERLAND), AUGUST 2021. There was a lot at stake for Sébastien. This was the culmination of his 18-month NCA supported search journey to find a company to acquire. Instead of a single target, he was now faced with the prospect of acquiring 4 separate companies at once, consolidating them into a group. One, SAS, was bigger than the oth…

Entrepreneurship Finance Strategy
By Benoit F. Leleux, Dominik Hanslin, Iuliia Mordacheva, Matthias Rey and Frank Schuster
Case reference: IMD-7-2515, © 2024
Entrepreneurship through acquisition: Sébastien Perroud and the IAR Group
By Benoit F. Leleux Dominik Hanslin Iuliia Mordacheva Matthias Rey and Frank Schuster
Case reference: IMD-7-2515 ©2024
Summary
GENEVA (SWITZERLAND), AUGUST 2021. There was a lot at stake for Sébastien. This was the culmination of his 18-month NCA supported search journey to find a company to acquire. Instead of a single target, he was now faced with the prospect of acquiring 4 separate companies at once, consolidating them into a group. One, SAS, was bigger than the oth…
Reference IMD-7-2515
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization IAR Group
Industry Finance and Insurance, Private Equity
Available Languages English
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Case Study
Rede Mulher Empreendedora: Navigating mission integrity and financial sustainability

The case focuses on Rede Mulher Empreendedora (RME), Brazil’s largest support platform for female entrepreneurship, and its founder, Ana Fontes. Founded in 2010, RME had grown into a significant network by 2023, impacting the livelihoods of over 12 million women in Brazil, a country with substantial gender disparities. The platform offers initia…

Entrepreneurship Sustainability Diversity and Equity and Inclusion
By Vanina Farber, María Helena Jaén, Jose Mello, Lilian de Miranda, Patricia Araripe, Peter Munk Laursen and Rabia Chishti
Case reference: IMD-7-2613, © 2024
Rede Mulher Empreendedora: Navigating mission integrity and financial sustainability
By Vanina Farber María Helena Jaén Jose Mello Lilian de Miranda Patricia Araripe Peter Munk Laursen and Rabia Chishti
Case reference: IMD-7-2613 ©2024
Summary
The case focuses on Rede Mulher Empreendedora (RME), Brazil’s largest support platform for female entrepreneurship, and its founder, Ana Fontes. Founded in 2010, RME had grown into a significant network by 2023, impacting the livelihoods of over 12 million women in Brazil, a country with substantial gender disparities. The platform offers initia…
Reference IMD-7-2613
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization Rede Mulher Empreendedora
Industry Services
Available Languages English
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Case Study
HeliService International: Flying ahead

The case follows Oliver Freiland, a former Roland Berger consultant with a successful corporate career, in his quest for the right acquisition target. In 2015 Oliver finally took a leap of faith to buy his way into entrepreneurship by acquiring HeliService, a provider of offshore helicopter operations for wind farms in the North Sea, with the he…

Entrepreneurship Mergers and Acquisitions Strategy
By Benoit F. Leleux, Stephanie Herzog, Christian Hutter, Markos Vidalis and Selmona Walder
Case reference: IMD-7-2601, © 2024
HeliService International: Flying ahead
By Benoit F. Leleux Stephanie Herzog Christian Hutter Markos Vidalis and Selmona Walder
Case reference: IMD-7-2601 ©2024
Summary
The case follows Oliver Freiland, a former Roland Berger consultant with a successful corporate career, in his quest for the right acquisition target. In 2015 Oliver finally took a leap of faith to buy his way into entrepreneurship by acquiring HeliService, a provider of offshore helicopter operations for wind farms in the North Sea, with the he…
Reference IMD-7-2601
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization HeliService International
Industry Travel and Leisure, Airlines and Aviation
Available Languages English
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Case Study
La Marzocco: Espresso perfection

In July 2024 Guido Preti, La Marzocco’s sustainability manager, was preparing his three-year plan to combine La Marzocco’s ESG program with that of its new owners, the De’Longhi Group. Since its inception in 1927, the company had relentlessly sought to produce the perfect espresso machine through exceptional craftmanship, user centric designs an…

Sustainability Entrepreneurship Growth
By Benoit F. Leleux and Jan Van der Kaaij
Case reference: IMD-7-2603, © 2024
La Marzocco: Espresso perfection
By Benoit F. Leleux and Jan Van der Kaaij
Case reference: IMD-7-2603 ©2024
Summary
In July 2024 Guido Preti, La Marzocco’s sustainability manager, was preparing his three-year plan to combine La Marzocco’s ESG program with that of its new owners, the De’Longhi Group. Since its inception in 1927, the company had relentlessly sought to produce the perfect espresso machine through exceptional craftmanship, user centric designs an…
Reference IMD-7-2603
Copyright ©2024
Copyright owner IMD Copyright
Organization La Marzocco
Industry Manufacturing, Machinery
Available Languages English
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